全文获取类型
收费全文 | 80997篇 |
免费 | 3821篇 |
国内免费 | 7752篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 709篇 |
2022年 | 899篇 |
2021年 | 1400篇 |
2020年 | 1593篇 |
2019年 | 2868篇 |
2018年 | 1876篇 |
2017年 | 1576篇 |
2016年 | 2022篇 |
2015年 | 3133篇 |
2014年 | 4099篇 |
2013年 | 5621篇 |
2012年 | 3537篇 |
2011年 | 4897篇 |
2010年 | 3574篇 |
2009年 | 3645篇 |
2008年 | 3876篇 |
2007年 | 4127篇 |
2006年 | 3792篇 |
2005年 | 3304篇 |
2004年 | 2781篇 |
2003年 | 2468篇 |
2002年 | 2183篇 |
2001年 | 1809篇 |
2000年 | 1595篇 |
1999年 | 1539篇 |
1998年 | 1366篇 |
1997年 | 1198篇 |
1996年 | 1098篇 |
1995年 | 1348篇 |
1994年 | 1259篇 |
1993年 | 1215篇 |
1992年 | 1222篇 |
1991年 | 1039篇 |
1990年 | 938篇 |
1989年 | 892篇 |
1988年 | 892篇 |
1987年 | 847篇 |
1986年 | 557篇 |
1985年 | 999篇 |
1984年 | 1374篇 |
1983年 | 974篇 |
1982年 | 1323篇 |
1981年 | 942篇 |
1980年 | 950篇 |
1979年 | 898篇 |
1978年 | 522篇 |
1977年 | 430篇 |
1976年 | 349篇 |
1975年 | 272篇 |
1973年 | 270篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
91.
Sotiris K. Hadjikakou Constantinos D. Antoniadis Maciej Kubicki Spyros Karkabounas 《Inorganica chimica acta》2005,358(10):2861-2866
A novel water stable, antimony(III) complex with the heterocyclic thioamide; 2-mercapto-pyrimidine (pmtH), of formula [Sb(pmt)3] · 0.5(CH3OH), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H, 13C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. Crystal structure of the molecule has been determined by X-ray diffraction at ambient conditions. The compound [C12H9N6S3Sb · 0.5(CH3OH)] is monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 7.0646(7), b = 16.3767(14), c = 14.7265(13) Å, β = 92.016(7)°, Z = 4. In complex, three sulfur and three nitrogen atoms from thione ligands form a distorted pendagonal pyramidal geometry around antimony(III). The toxicity of the compound against tumor pleiomorphic cells, which has been isolated from a leiomyosarcoma tumor in the Wistar rat (chemical carcinogenesis using BaP) was studied in vitro. The results show that the compound did not destroy or prevent multiplication in vitro in leiomyosarcoma cells in low doses. The influence of the compound in the platelet aggregation, which correlates with the above tumor cells enhanced metastatic potential, has also been studied. The anti-metastatic capability study shows that the compound inhibited cancer cell induced aggregation up to the value of 10% in all mM concentrations tested. 相似文献
92.
The urticating setae of Ochrogaster lunifer,an Australian processionary caterpillar of veterinary importance 下载免费PDF全文
L. E. PERKINS M. P. ZALUCKI N. R. PERKINS A. J. CAWDELL‐SMITH K. H. TODHUNTER W. L. BRYDEN B. W. CRIBB 《Medical and veterinary entomology》2016,30(2):241-245
The bag‐shelter moth, Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich‐Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), is associated with a condition called equine amnionitis and fetal loss (EAFL) on horse farms in Australia. Setal fragments from O. lunifer larvae have been identified in the placentas of experimentally aborted fetuses and their dams, and in clinical abortions. The gregarious larvae build silken nests in which large numbers cohabit over spring, summer and autumn. The final instars disperse to pupation sites in the ground where they overwinter. Field‐collected O. lunifer larvae, their nests and nearby soil were examined using light and electron microscopy to identify setae likely to cause EAFL and to determine where and how many were present. Microtrichia, barbed hairs and true setae were found on the exoskeletons of the larvae. True setae matching the majority of setal fragments described from equine tissue were found on third to eighth instar larvae or exuviae. The number of true setae increased with the age of the larva; eighth instars carried around 2.0–2.5 million true setae. The exuvia of the pre‐pupal instar was incorporated into the pupal chamber. The major sources of setae are likely to be nests, dispersing pre‐pupal larvae and their exuviae, and pupal chambers. 相似文献
93.
Canopy closure estimation in a temperate forest using airborne LiDAR and LANDSAT ETM+ data 下载免费PDF全文
《植物生态学报》2016,40(2):102
Aims Forest canopy closure is one of the essential factors in forest survey, and plays an important role in forest ecosystem management. It is of great significance to study how to apply LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data efficiently in remote sensing estimation of forest canopy closure. LiDAR can be used to obtain data fast and accurately and therefore be used as training and validation data to estimate forest canopy closure in large spatial scale. It can compensate for the insufficiency (e.g. labor-intensive, time-consuming) of conventional ground survey, and provide foundations to forest inventory.Methods In this study, we estimated canopy closure of a temperate forest in Genhe forest of Da Hinggan Ling area, Nei Mongol, China, using LiDAR and LANDSAT ETM+ data. Firstly, we calculated the canopy closure from ALS (Airborne Laser Scanning) high density point cloud data. Then, the estimated canopy closure from ALS data was used as training and validation data to modeling and inversion from eight vegetation indices computed from LANDSAT ETM+ data. Three approaches, multi-variable stepwise regression (MSR), random forest (RF) and Cubist, were developed and tested to estimate canopy closure from these vegetation indices, respectively.Important findings The validation results showed that the Cubist model yielded the highest accuracy compared to the other two models (determination coefficient (R2) = 0.722, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.126, relative root mean square error (rRMSE) = 0.209, estimation accuracy (EA) = 79.883%). The combination of LiDAR data and LANDSAT ETM+ showed great potential to accurately estimate the canopy closure of the temperate forest. However, the model prediction capability needs to be further improved in order to be applied in larger spatial scale. More independent variables from other remotely sensed datasets, e.g. topographic data, texture information from high-resolution imagery, should be added into the model. These variables can help to reduce the influence of optical image, vegetation indices, terrain and shadow and so on. Moreover, the accuracy of the LiDAR-derived canopy closure needs to be further validated in future studies. 相似文献
94.
95.
96.
A series of Rh(III) mixed ligand polypyridine type complexes have been prepared. Complexes of the form [Rh(L)2(L′)]n+, where n=2/3, L=2,2′-bipyridine (bpy)/1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and L′=3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole (Hpytr), 1-methyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole (1M3pytr), 4-methyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole (4Mpytr), 3,5-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole (Hbpt), 4-amino-3,5-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole (NH2bpt) and 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole (HPhpytr), have been prepared and their synthesis and characterisation are reported. Crystals of [Rh(bpy)2(Phpytr)](PF6)2 and [Rh(phen)2(NHbpt)](PF6)2 were obtained and their structures determined. Analysis of X-ray crystallographic data showed that coordination of the metal centre in [Rh(phen)2(NHbpt)](PF6)2 occurs via the amine moiety and a nitrogen of the pyridine ring. NMR studies illustrated that coordination to the NH2bpt ligand was also possible via a nitrogen of the triazole ring and the pyridine ring forming the complex [Rh(phen)2(NH2bpt)](PF6)3. The absorption and emission properties of the complexes studied were found to be π-π* in nature and preliminary evidence suggests that all complexes with the exception of [Rh(phen)2(NHbpt)](PF6)2 and [Rh(bpy)2(NHbpt)](PF6)2 are dual emitting at 77 K. 相似文献
97.
Manuel G. Basallote Antonio Doménech Enrique García-España José M. Llinares Conxa Soriano 《Inorganica chimica acta》2006,359(7):2004-2014
The synthesis of the open-chain and cyclic polyamines, 1,5,8,12,15,19-hexaazaheptadecane (L1) and 2,6,9,13,16,20-hexaaza[21]-(2,6)-pyridinophane (L2), are described. The protonation constants and interaction constants with Cu(II) have been determined by potentiometric measurements carried out at 298.1 K in 0.15 mol dm−3 NaClO4. The values obtained are discussed as a function of the open-chain or cyclic nature of the ligands and compared with analogous polyamines containing different sets of hydrocarbon chains between the nitrogen donors. Kinetic studies on the acid-promoted dissociation of the Cu(II) complexes indicate that the mono and binuclear complexes of L1 decompose with different kinetics, a behavior unprecedented for open-chain polyamines. In contrast, the dissociation of the first metal ion is accelerated in the binuclear complexes of L2 and so, all the mono and binuclear complexes of L2 decompose with the same kinetics. The voltammetric response of Cu(II)-L1 and Cu(II)-L2 complexes has been studied in order to correlate electrochemical and structural data. 相似文献
98.
Jianxing Song 《FEBS letters》2009,583(6):953-3132
Many proteins are not refoldable and also insoluble. Previously no general method was available to solubilize them and consequently their structural properties remained unknown. Surprisingly, we recently discovered that all insoluble proteins in our laboratory, which are highly diverse, can be solubilized in pure water. Structural characterization by CD and NMR led to their classification into three groups, all of which appear trapped in the highly disordered or partially-folded states with a substantial exposure of hydrophobic side chains. In this review, I discuss our results in a wide context and subsequently propose a model to rationalize the discovery. The potential applications are also explored in studying protein folding, design and membrane proteins. 相似文献
99.
LI MINGFANG ZHENG XUEQING ZHU YONGQIANG WANG XIANGSHE LIANG SUYU LI LEI WU XINGRONG 《Molecular ecology resources》2006,6(4):1205-1207
Sixteen microsatellite loci were isolated from lychee (Litchi chinensis), all of which exhibited polymorphism (two or three alleles per locus), with levels of heterozygosity ranging from 0.021 to 0.900. These loci can help assess the genetic structure of lychee. 相似文献
100.
Binding of B‐cell maturation antigen to B‐cell activating factor induces survival of multiple myeloma cells by activating Akt and JNK signaling pathways 下载免费PDF全文
Xianjuan Shen Yuehua Guo Jing Qi Wei Shi Xinhua Wu Shaoqing Ju 《Cell biochemistry and function》2016,34(2):104-110
B‐cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is expressed on normal and malignant plasma cells and represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we characterized the mechanism underlying the protein kinase B (Akt) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) pathways and BCMA interactions in regulating multiple myeloma (MM) cell survival. It was found that the expression levels of B cell‐activating factor (BAFF) and BCMA were increased in MM cells as compared with those in normal controls. The proliferation of U266 cells was induced by recombinant human BAFF (rhBAFF) and could also be decreased by BCMA siRNA. The expression of Bcl‐2 protein was up‐regulated, and Bax protein was down‐regulated after rhBAFF treatment, which could be reversed by BCMA siRNA. Similarly, the protein p‐JNK and p‐Akt were activated by rhBAFF and could be changed by BCMA siRNA. In addition, the BCMA mRNA and protein expression levels were decreased after treatment with Akt and JNK pathway inhibitors. These results suggest that Akt and JNK pathways are involved in the regulation of BCMA. A novel BAFF/BCMA signalling pathway in MM may be a new therapeutic target for MM. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献